The undersea pipeline stretches 1,200km (745 miles) under the Baltic Sea from the Russian coast near St Petersburg to north-eastern Germany.29 Sept 2022

The two pipelines of the Nord Stream 2 will have a capacity of 27.5bcm a year each and will comprise 12m-long individual pipe joints. Each pipeline is made of 100,000 coated steel pipes with 24t in concrete weight. The internal diameter of the pipeline is 1,153mm (45in) and the wall thickness is 41mm (1.6in).1 Mar 2022

The main defense that the pipeline has against corrosion is the anti-corrosion coating. The bracelet anodes are designed to protect the pipeline where any voids, pits, or other coating failures may occur during installation or during the operating life of the pipeline.1 May 2011

Sacrificial bracelet anodes typically are either a zinc alloy or an aluminum alloy, depending on the design requirements, environmental variables, and water salinity. Both alloy types were used in the fabrication of the anodes for Nord Stream.1 May 2011

Each line of the pipeline was made of about 100,000 concrete-weight coated steel pipes each weighing 24 tonnes (53,000 lb) welded together and laid on the seabed. To facilitate pigging, the pipelines have a constant internal diameter of 1,153 millimetres (45.4 in), according to Nord Stream.

Gas travels the full 1,224 kilometre distance to Germany's Baltic coast thanks to input pressures of up to 220 bar generated by Gazprom's state-of-the-art Portovaya compressor station.

The following drawings show the forces involved.




The pipeline is subjected to atmospheric pressure plus the weight of the water plus the weight of the backfill caused by the gravitational attraction of the earths core.




The pressure of the gas inside the pipeline which is exerting a force against the tensile strength of the 1 1/2" steel wall thickness
and the additonal reinforced concrete weight coating that stops the pipeline from floating. This adds to the compressive strength of the pipeline.



If there was an explosion above the pipeline the shock waves would be dampened by the backfill and the concrete weight coating. If this was above a bracelet anode the shock would be directly to the pipeline metal. If the anoded had been depleted by accelerated corrosion and the pipeline metal itself was also dissolved to 50% or more a shockwave from above might cause a failure.
The science behind this can be compared to the science behind the use of depth charges against a submarine which has an irregular shape and joints in the metal structure are strained by violent changes in the forces playing on them with only breathable air pressure internally.


However, we know that the internal pressure was sufficient to burst the pipe violently with sufficient explosive force to overcome all the gravitational pressures and the remaning tensile strength in the pipeline metal.



There is visual evidence to confirm that the pressure of the gas overcame all external pressures plus enough to force bubbles of the gas to rise to the surface and disturbe the waters to the extent seen.



The following is from a report by an 'expert'. "And while we don’t even know for sure how bad the situation is, the damage is expected to be significant: the September 26 blasts believed to have caused the pipeline ruptures registered 2.2 on the Richter scale, according to the Swedish National Seismic Network. Swedish and Danish investigators, who have taken the lead on probing the leaks because they happened nearest to their countries, have said that they were caused by blasts equivalent to “several hundred kilos of explosives.” ...".



I investigated a pipeline explosion in Cranleigh, near Guildford, Surrey in the UK while employed as an indiustrial safety officer in the 1960's. The pipeline was a ductile steel pipeline with spigot joints and had been buried and reinstated to the end section that was capped off with a dome and blocked with 6 x 6 x 36 inch hardwood skids. It was then tested by pumping high pressure air to a certain level with the intent to hold that pressure for 24 hours to make sure that the pipeline did not leak. At a certain pressure the configuration blocking the dome end buckled and there was an explosion and prolonged roar of escaping air that compressed the sandy clay to concrete at the end of the trench and sent one of the skids so high than on return to earth it cut a neat square hole in the tiles and wood of a nearby house and shattered the concrete path below. I witnessed and photographed the damage with a poloroid camera and submitted it with the report. I did not keep a copy but there is no doubt this is on record through a court case about the incident.




"No matter who did it, it was deliberate" says van der Beukel. “These pipelines normally simply don’t break down,” he says.
"The steel Nord Stream pipes are 1.6 inches thick, with up to another 4.3 inches of concrete wrapped around them.
Each of the 100,000 or so sections of the pipeline weighs 24 metric tons."























This shows the pipe lengths, diameter, coating and weight-coating.




This gives an idea of the size of the project and of the degree of expertise required to achieve completion.
We must bear this in mind when listening to the opinions of politicians and reporters.



This is a possible source of electrical energy in the area.



These are the aluminium alloy bracelet anodes that were welded round the steel pipeline at selected butt welded joints.
They are designed to dissolve and discharge electricity into the sea and caused a potential that will overpower
the EMF of the corrosion reaction of steel to seawater at any coating faults in the vicinity.




This picture shows the size of the pipe diameters and helps us to understand the power of the forces involved.

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Accelerated corrosion.

It is calculated that 1 amp of electrical energy will dissolve 17 pounds of steel in a year using the Faraday constant.
A small coatng fault in a pipeline will expose at least a pound of steel to the seawater if the steel is one and a half inches thick.

A pipeline is an electrical conductor like a wire in an electrical cicuit.and charges pass into the wire and from the wire if there are faults in the insulation. If you touch a fault in the insulation of a live wire you get a shock. This is the charges in the wire equalising with the charges in your body.

The three nails experiment shows how this happens and how we measure it. I have uploaded Youtube Videos and linked demonstrations on our website.

Man made sources of electrical charges are cathodic protection systems, inbalanced electrical generators, welding operations, induction from overhead high tension cables and grounding of lightning. Natural sources of electrical energy are sunspot activity, geomagnetic motion and techtonic movement.

The effect of this electrical flux is that the electrical potential of the ground and sea is greater in some areas than others. Where the potential is higher than that of the metal of the pipeline at a coating fault, the current passes onto the metal which will not corrode at this location.

Where the electrical potential of the pipeline metal is higher than that of the ground the charges will leave the pipe dissolving the metal in proportion to the electrical current discharged. This will weaken the hoop strength of the pipe which will explode.

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There is a pipeline from Norway to Poland that crosses Nord Steam pipelines and this was commissioned sometime before the Russian Special Operation started in Ukraine but after western Ukraine started shelling and bombing eastern Ukraine that had declared independence. President Biden and his spokeswoman both said that they have ways of stopping the Nord Stream pipelines but did not specify how.

It is unlikely that either of these two have scientific or technical knowledge of accelerated corrosion as NACE does not understand it. It is likely that they thought that these pipelines could be 'Blown Up' by explosives in the sea on top of the pipelines but the pipelines did not fail immediately after these statements and it is likely that attempts were made to blow them up but failed for the reasons detailed in my report.

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Meanwhile the pipeline from Norway to Poland might have been subject to impressed current cathodic protection from either end and this would draw electric charges from the sea and lower the potential to below the sacrificial potential of the bracelet anodes on the Nord Stream pipelines.





This would dissolve the anodes and start dissolving the pipeline steel.





When part of the anode had been dissolved, the steel of the pipeline to which the anode is welded would start to dissolve.





This would cause a carbunkle of corrosion products that would split the outer covering.





The extra area of the conductive corrosion products would increase the current flow by reducing the total resistance to the stray current.





The amount of pipeline steel dissolved would weaken the pipeline in this area.





The weakened area have the tensile strength less than the design specifications.





Sudden increased pressure from inside the pipeline would cause the metal to split releasing pressure greater than the pressure from outside by an order of magnitude that would register on an earthquake sensor.

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When a pipeline is shut down for a period it is good practice to lower the pressure of the product inside and send a pig down the line to guage the wall thickness and remove any debris at sag bends. Pigs are moved by pressure behind or reduced pressure in front.

We know the planned working pressure and volume of gas in the pipeline but we do not know if a pig as launched,

If a pig gets stuck at a weld for example the practice is to increase the pressure to dislodge it.

Such overpressure would burst the pipeline from the inside in the same way as I witnessed during the tests by British Gas as noted in my report. The resulting release of gas would be greater than a chemical explosion and register on earthquake monitors.

In support of this suggestion is the timing of all the political events that does not fit in with the political agenda.